In this project, our desire, the existing language in the European community
The wealth of all these languages and multilingualism and çoğuldillilik
for inclusion in the policies and practices ölçütlüg
to reflect. Difficulties we live separate and language types
It was to classify them appropriately.
AK 2008 in many spoken communications in Europe "national, regional,
minority and immigrant "language" to add a face our common history "
as well as the definitions of "foreign languages" expressed worldwide
and in particular to identify which non-European languages with a cover
It uses for.
Good learning the national language, and work successfully in the community
The importance of education to fully benefit from the widely accepted
It is. Learning foreign languages is common in Europe.
Less emphasis on local species in the language / languages of minorities and migrants,
but their importance has been adopted in the European Member States
is supported by both the EU and the CoE is required.
These two institutions, important tools of communication of both types of intra-group language
and they are many EU citizens' personal, cultural and social
identity that should be supported because they form part
emphasis is to do.
CM / R (98) 6, com (1998), regional and minority languages and cultures
Members parameters for specifying desirable for policy
States to the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages of the Terms
and the eyes of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
He asked to be taken into providing. Likewise CoA all
Filing and languages in equal respect for countries' immigrants
regions or regulations continue to bilingualism in the neighborhood
and learning the language of the place of residence of migrants
support "was called for.
Top Level Group on Multilingualism Final Report (2007)
In addition, the language resources from potential migrants
and the utilization of the best companies to gain
As these immigrants an opportunity of cultural and linguistic skills,
access to markets for immigrants in their own country
talks about the importance of exploitation:
Too often, migrants are only a problem
it is seen - lower performance of immigrant children
or minimum levels prevailing in the host country's language
adult immigrants. Often overlooked are immigrants
The fact that it is a valuable resource. Welcoming immigrants
paying special attention to language of the host country's immigrants
language - even in other languages - can increase their motivation to learn
and appointed a mediator between the different cultures
We can make them.
Very often, young second- and third-generation immigrants and their
their heritage or community languages, well-developed aural / oral
It has the skills, but to read and can not write. Their one
Most of these languages reads / writes are very willing to make. Schools,
higher education and adult education institutions, this target
to provide special learning opportunities for group work into
should bring. This will secure investment, since
people economic links with their homeland
It will help to establish and intercultural
integration of new immigrants and dialogue
be able to play an active role in the program.
Based on this ground, which will be discussed at our LRA survey
language community; national, foreign, regional / minority and immigrant languages
It will contain. With very little or have resided outside the country
the people (and their language) when referring to the European
We are fully aware of the different associations in the country (area
refer to terminology Extra and Gorter 2008: 10).
Therefore, the scope of the LRE project, the above types of language
We will investigate and will use the following definitions
(see Glossary for additional in Section 1 and 2):
■ National languages: the official language of a nation-state.
■ Foreign languages are not learned or used at home, but
Learning and teaching or non-teaching school in the industry
languages widely used communication languages.
■ regional or minority languages: a state within certain limits,
forming a smaller group of the population of this state
Languages traditionally used by nationals.
■ Immigrant languages: livable in the country of immigrants and their
spoken by the descendants of the source and origin of countries
from an infinite number of languages.
McPake and Tinsley for similar perspective (2007), we advice.
In this context, conscious of the repertoire of European languages an immigrant language
form that is incorporated and also the multilingual policy and
sign language to the first stage of data collection for applications
to indicate that we are made aware that sending too little
we wanted. Noteworthy is the migration in Western societies or
within a single nation-states in linguistic minorities, in reality
There are deaf people who are a minority within the minority. Verbal (oralist)
Given the hegemony of the large deaf people
The majority of the double difficulty, let alone the general culture of the society
but also they are also deprived of their native culture bırakılıl
(Schermer 2011). Between the deaf community and other linguistic minorities
There is an important difference. The only other sign languages from one generation
transferred to a limited extent. The main cause of deaf people%
It is to have parents that can be heard more than 95
sign language for people who are not natural languages. Deaf people are great
The majority of deaf sign language their peers, outside the family
of deaf adults and / or sign language as a second language
acquired which is to learn from parents.
The European Parliament, a decision on June 17, with sign language
In 1988 it was unanimously approved. Decisions, all Member
The state of their national sign language for deaf people picture
It seeks recognition as a national language. So far this
It has limited the impact of the decision. In 2003, the Council of Europe sign languages
by minorities in the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
It has been recognized as languages. Our first tour, sign data collection
language (the language), in official documents and in the LRA survey database
language and the language in the audiovisual field and press media
We've included part.
Presented above, "local / minority" and "immigrant" between languages
discrimination, which is widely used and understood in continental Europe, other
hand, as it was common in Great Britain, aşağıdanyukarıya-
community-supported languages are tempted definition; national, regional
and / or for immigrant languages. Also, the "community" languages
The concept of a national of the European Union countries in the EU documents often
It refers to language and at least in the EU jargon this means
"Occupied territories" means (see for terminology area
Extra and Gorter 2008: 7-11). Common in the Ethnologue site
The term "immigrant" language opinions last term support
World's Languages, which is very valuable and widely on this topic
used as a standard cross-country information source.
Under the current project, regional / minority languages, if these languages
is recognized by the relevant nation-state, "formally known as"
We'll admit. In addition, such recognition European Council
Regional or Minority Languages can also be caused by the European Charter.
Regulation entered into force in March 1998. These regulations, policies
In the context of the Member States and the possibility of legal action
It serves as a criterion for comparing Europe (Nic Craith,
2003), and "Europe's historic regional and minority languages" Protection
and targeted support. The Regulation, "regional" and "minority" languages
The concept is mentioned ("States shall decide on the definition")
and immigrant languages are explicitly excluded. States which
regional / minority languages are free to choose to include.
Also, the degree of protection is not defined; therefore, a
You can choose tight or loose government policies. Results of EU Member
There is a broad diversity among States (Gray, 2003).
The proposed language to make clear distinction between types almost
We are aware of a number of complicating factors that make it impossible. After all
Before, between and within EU Member States and several regional / minority
and migrant languages, in larger numbers than many official state language
He has told. Moreover, German or Danish in Ukraine
As in Russian, for example, an EU country, regional / minority
or immigrant language may be official state language in another country.
It should also be borne in mind that the European nation-state
Most, if not all languages of the immigrant origin in Europe
It comes from outside the country. Particularly on immigration and azınlıklaş
context, regional / minority and immigrant languages we recommend separation
It makes unclear. However, a more transparent alternative
We can not think. Nothing even if the distinction we recommend
at least awareness, and ultimately minority languages in Europe
conceptualized in the way of a comprehensive approach
We believe that open.
1.4 language areas covered in the survey
LRA survey area covers eight languages. In the first area, the official
national / regional documents and databases on language diversity
We have included a meta-space overlooking the validity. Language learning in education
Given the important role of the four areas, financed by public
The main stage, which is the education from pre-school to university
which focuses on step up. In addition, society and business
To determine the level of education of multilingual services in the world
three areas are covered outside and beyond. As a whole, the survey
Eight area, distributed among areas as outlined in Table 3
It comprises a total of 260 questions. 2-8-oriented language fields questions
Referred to in Chapter 1 is based on European documents.
Table 3: Distribution between the language areas of the questions
Area 1 of the participating countries / regions in each of the nationwide
or linguistic diversity across the region related official documents
and search for the presence databases. Of such documents
and the availability of the database in a particular country / region
contribute considerably to the realization of multilingualism and language
It can format the education policy. The official documents and in this area
the separation of the database, common in language planning work
With the state planning corpus (corpus) between planning
It is closely intertwined with separately. Our study on documents
that section, the use of different languages in a given society and function
initiatives undertaken embodiment, the database on
part of the distribution range of languages in a given society
and represents strength and initiatives undertaken in the planning.
Survey 2-4 areas, for students without adult state
It focuses on training provided by. Each of these areas
related, including common distinction between lower and upper secondary education
including age-related and / or differences depending on the type of school
including definitions, Section 1 and 2 of this publication for Dictionary
in chapter.
Language teaching organization in each of these areas and nature
In addition to the training of teachers, each of the four language varieties
to be examined. Between teachers with basic organization
distinction widely used (see. eg Eurydice, 2008).
Responses to the public as well as official data on this section
It is based on sources.
National and inter-country levels of post-secondary education
Given the significant variation in area 5, the basic
(vocational) and higher education (university), the distinction between education
focus. As a result, this area of post-secondary education
for largely bilateral and gives supplemental information. Areas
6-8, except education and beyond is very important it encompasses three areas.
Areas responses in the 5-8 per each country or region
The data collected and reported in the urban context of the three cities
It is based (see for more information. Chapter 5). The 5 forward
(vocational) and higher (university) education institutions of a small
It explores the language requirements on sampling. Slot 6, audiovisual
It focuses on language in the media and the press. 7 language areas, institutionalized
strategy, verbal and written communication facilities and communication facilities
languages, in terms of public services and public space
It condenses. Area 8 focus of the language in business; company language
strategy, internal communications strategies and external communication strategy.
Each country / region 24, the company has targeted sampling.
1.5 Data collection and application of three-city
As stated above, responses in the 1-4 area of the LRA survey
Picture / documents based on compiled data and national or
reflect common practices and policies at regional level.
Areas 5-8, on the other hand, the source data collection and data analysis
Based upon. Data collection from this source, each
country / region considering the following points in three cities
It is taking place:
■ places where multilingualism is most common in urban environments,
because long-term residents and newcomers work
It tends to accumulate there to call.
■ Cities, national response to linguistic diversity
They strengthen dynamics;
■ further and higher education institutions are common in cities
available (area 5);
■ international press, cinema and television stations
are concentrated in cities (area 6);
■ As a result, city managers and city planners
multilingualism towards creating local policies
they require (area 7);
■ are located in the center of the city, many businesses (field 8).
Table 4, the choice of cities to 1-14 Situated countries are the same. Wherein
the city plus regional / minority languages in the most populous
status, power and / or the number of people speaking the language in the aforementioned countries
It focused on two cities, including the city is high. Table
4 countries in the 15-18 they comply with the above model
It creates difficulty.
15 countries, Bosnia and Herzegovina has three national languages: Bosnian,
Croatian and Serbian. For collecting data from selected sources
cities, mostly in Sarajevo when Bosnian is used,
Banja Luka and the Serbian-Bosnian mainly used
and when-Croatian Mostar are often used.
16 countries, Switzerland is composed of 26 small states and four official
It has a language: German, French, Italian and Romansch language
LRA research in all areas of the province took place in three instances:
a German-speaking (Zurich), a French-speaking (Geneva)
and an Italian-speaking (Ticino). Data for areas 2-4, the
The table is gathered for publication, but the area for 5-8
It was presented at the city level.
17 countries, Spain, from the 17 autonomous communities and two autonomous cities
It was formed. LRA autonomous society for research in three areas 2-4
- Madrid, Seville, Valencia - and two "historic nationalities" - President
Area and Catalonia - it was carried out. Three profiles were created:
Madrid, a combined profile for Sevilla and Valencia, Basque Country
and the two separate profiles for Catalonia. Basque two official language
It has: Basque and Spanish. Catalonia has three official languages:
Catalan, Spanish and Aragon language.
18 countries, UK, apart from the four countries, governments and education systems
It was formed. Education (2-4) for the data in each country / regional
It is collected for the policies and common practice. Areas
For 5-8, Wales and Scotland in the cities covered by population size
It is selected. In the UK, after London, practicing in Sheffield
It was chosen for many reasons. Another city study possible
There has been, however, it is hoped that this data will be available soon.
In Northern Ireland, Belfast is to add exist only survey
It has been possible.
The three cities will focus and the proposed regional / minority (R / M)
prior to the selection of the language, all participating national and regional
Statistics for the first two cities, municipalities and the third city of the team
For regional / minority and language / group based on statistics cooperation
it was decided within. Table 4 for each of the countries surveyed
It gives an overview of the city (except for Germany).
National or regional profiles, as specified in Table 4. 23 +22 +22 =
67 is based on data collection from the source to the cities. Table
As can be seen from 4 ruling in selected cities additional regional /
Most of the minority language is the national language of neighboring countries. Language
For areas 5-8, 24 participating countries / regions in each
focus on the sources of data collection are summarized below:
■ Language fields 5, adult education provided by the state
It focuses on language requirements in different species. Two complementary
It has addressed areas: 16 years of age (young) adults
The language requirements for vocational training and academic / university
language requirements in education.
■ Language fields 6, audiovisual media, public radio and television
including publications, films and made great research
the cities with the largest train station in the city buffet
It focuses on language conditions in the spring.
■ Language fields 7, the city level in the public service and public
area of the city, more specifically in the cities studied
(council) institutionalized language strategies at the level of verbal
It focuses on written communication facilities and information facilities.
■ Language field 8, four different business sector - supermarkets, construction
work, hotels and focuses on the bank. One of the researchers,
multilingual / international (M / I) and national (N), and regional or local
(R / L) as evenly distributed as possible examples of business
collection have wanted. In practice, this request in all countries /
power appeared to be applied in the region.
Table 5, each city (x3) from the space and resources for language data
Summary information is given about the collection targets.
Research methodology
Language Rich Europe project, the first part of the survey questionnaire
the official documents regarding the different languages in the participating countries and regions
and the availability of the data base was examined. It is our belief that,
The lack of official documentation to support linguistic pluralism and
said that the database which provides a breakdown of the available languages
subject countries and regions çokdillilikl related to the formation of a consciousness
and it will lead to the development of better educational policy.
Language Rich Europe data, the European Council (EC) official records,
and regional / minority languages related to the European Convention
policies and reports based on the provisions in this area
embodiments of us have been able to remove the map.
Language and documents relating to the official languages policy provisions
There are two main research questions for the 24 countries and regions
responses are presented in Table 1. Local / concerning minority languages
law provisions in the majority of countries surveyed
The provisions related to foreign language is present in 14 countries / regions, immigrants
In relation to language it is only available in five countries. National language
documents relating to the official languages policy research related to foreign language
All participating countries / regions present, local / of minority languages
about 19 countries / regions, and only four are related to migrant languages
It is available in the country.
Table 1: surveyed, 24 country / language laws and official documents related provisions in the region
Linguistic pluralism in Europe, as referred to in Section 1.1
One of the most important documents in support of the Council of Europe
Regional / minority languages to the European Convention. This contract
Europe's cultural heritage on the one hand with regional / minority languages
protect and develop the other side of which is arranged for
the individuals who speak those languages in both public and private in person
It is to provide the use of spaces. Above all, and
important that all states in their jurisdiction Agreement
used local / be observed regarding the use of minority languages
It should establish principles and objectives. Second, contract local /
promote the use of minority languages in the public domain and
contains concrete measures should be taken to encourage.
Benefits such conventionally used in local / minority
language through migration in recent years including the tongue and the national
different dialects of the language is not included. This agreement with local / minority
as far as possible in the language of education, audio-visual media
and media outlets, legal and administrative, economic
and social life, and its use in cultural activities
It is intended to support and promote.
11 Convention of 18 countries surveyed parliament
that it has signed French and Italian governments. Bulgaria,
Estonia, Greece, Lithuania, and what this contract in Portugal
nor was it signed. The ratification of this Convention
from one conflict with the country's constitution and the principle of reason
It is shown. Table 2 official documents and local / minority
which languages to languages in each country according to the European Convention
It recognized that offers information that is maintained and developed.
Reads the Council of Europe website for more information
may look. Relevant information is continuously updated.
Table 2: Regional / minority languages in 18 countries, the official recognition, protection and support
CAPITALS: ONLY COUNTRY IN THE OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS
italics: the official documents of the country and regional / European Charter for Minority Languages (YADAS) the provisions
Language of regional / minority languages in accordance with the European Convention for
recognition and / or protection means will be used in education
It does not. Table 3, according to national law in each country
or regional / minority languages in accordance with the European Convention for the official
It serves as the distribution of languages taught.
Table 3: taught as formal education institutions in 18 countries, regional / minority languages
CAPS are: TRAINING PROVIDED BY COUNTRY ONLY OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS
Italics: the official documents of the country and regional / European Charter for Minority Languages (YADAS) provided with training provision
Language training presented in Table 3. As seen in
There are serious differences. In general, the greatest number of regional / minority
language teaching in South-East European and Central European countries
It is maintained. France and other Western European countries except Italy
This situation is different. Regional / minority languages in Europe
Agreement on the 'regional' and 'minority' concepts are belrsizlik
migrant languages include, but are markedly these definitions
were excluded (Extra & Gorter, 2008: 31). Western Europe
country immigrant languages in regional / multi compared to minority languages
more diffuse and has a marked location, but much less
being recognized, it is protected and supported. Although
Turkish-speaking children in primary schools in Thrace
If you were given training at the Turkish Language Rich Europe participating in the project
Greece between countries no regional / minority official language
recognition and are not being taught. According to official documents
training is actually non-existent language taught in schools
and information on the situation in the period in which our research
Section 2.3 and 2.5 are available.
Both population groups in other countries in Europe
defined in the database and for the detection of
differences regarding the type available. These databases on language
They may include single or multiple questions. The situation in Europe
Regarding the Poulain (2008) the population held across the country
censuses, administrative records and a distinction between statistical surveys
He serves. Censuses (usually five or ten years), certain
When data is maintained in the range of countries and for the general
form bases. Administrative records generally center
It is being held at the local government level and on a regular basis every year
and even updated on a monthly basis (for example, registration in the Netherlands
updated monthly). Statistical surveys
regularly at certain intervals for certain population groups
It is repeated. All three types of data collection methods for different components
It may contain. Table 4 surveyed 24 countries in the region
and a general condition for the application process.
Table 4: Country or region across national, regional / compilation of data on minority and immigrant languages and application methods
Data for many countries and regions, as seen in Table 4 languages
with the collection of applications and many national languages, local /
Three different types of target languages, including minority and immigrant languages
receive. No data collection in 24 countries and regions in five
method is not applicable. These countries are Austria, many minority
Although the language with Bosnia and Herzegovina, Denmark, the Netherlands
and Greece. Portugal only collect data related to the national language.
Table 5 wide-ranging research and nationwide
general questions on language in their census conducted
It offers a breakdown. Among the survey questions related to language
It turns out that there are differences. Extra (2010) nationwide
language used in large-scale surveys conducted,
the validity of the question as the main language and home language spoken at home
questioned. Australia where English is the dominant language of the society,
Large countries such as the United States and Canada
comprehensive census as the data obtained from research
Extra utilizing "mother tongue" question the validity of the question lowest
While "the language used at home" to question the validity of the highest questions
that suggests (to define the relevant explanatory
You can see the glossary in the mother tongue and ecdadindan-language). Europe
countries seem to understand the situation because research
More than half of the participating countries the "language used at home" question
It is ask. Most of the questions asked about the use of language in Switzerland
It appears to be conspicuous. The main language used in particular
regarding asked "Which considering the language and know the best?"
the question is very interesting. As a final comment on this matter,
24 countries / regions only 11 questions about language skills
It is asked. The problem in the type of responses to this question
According to the format shows changes; sometimes "Yes / No"
sometimes skill-oriented "Could you do that?" and sometimes "How good
can you do? "There are questions about the degree of skill types.
Consequently, data bases existing in European countries and
used to create them and methods of administering the
Among the questions asked it seems to be considerable differences.
From a European perspective, and awareness about çokdillilikl
To increase awareness, language planning on actual data
and to be able to do comparative research across Europe
for the exchange of ideas and experience in this area to be shared
You are needed.
the official documents regarding the different languages in the participating countries and regions
and the availability of the data base was examined. It is our belief that,
The lack of official documentation to support linguistic pluralism and
said that the database which provides a breakdown of the available languages
subject countries and regions çokdillilikl related to the formation of a consciousness
and it will lead to the development of better educational policy.
Language Rich Europe data, the European Council (EC) official records,
and regional / minority languages related to the European Convention
policies and reports based on the provisions in this area
embodiments of us have been able to remove the map.
Language and documents relating to the official languages policy provisions
There are two main research questions for the 24 countries and regions
responses are presented in Table 1. Local / concerning minority languages
law provisions in the majority of countries surveyed
The provisions related to foreign language is present in 14 countries / regions, immigrants
In relation to language it is only available in five countries. National language
documents relating to the official languages policy research related to foreign language
All participating countries / regions present, local / of minority languages
about 19 countries / regions, and only four are related to migrant languages
It is available in the country.
Table 1: surveyed, 24 country / language laws and official documents related provisions in the region
Linguistic pluralism in Europe, as referred to in Section 1.1
One of the most important documents in support of the Council of Europe
Regional / minority languages to the European Convention. This contract
Europe's cultural heritage on the one hand with regional / minority languages
protect and develop the other side of which is arranged for
the individuals who speak those languages in both public and private in person
It is to provide the use of spaces. Above all, and
important that all states in their jurisdiction Agreement
used local / be observed regarding the use of minority languages
It should establish principles and objectives. Second, contract local /
promote the use of minority languages in the public domain and
contains concrete measures should be taken to encourage.
Benefits such conventionally used in local / minority
language through migration in recent years including the tongue and the national
different dialects of the language is not included. This agreement with local / minority
as far as possible in the language of education, audio-visual media
and media outlets, legal and administrative, economic
and social life, and its use in cultural activities
It is intended to support and promote.
11 Convention of 18 countries surveyed parliament
that it has signed French and Italian governments. Bulgaria,
Estonia, Greece, Lithuania, and what this contract in Portugal
nor was it signed. The ratification of this Convention
from one conflict with the country's constitution and the principle of reason
It is shown. Table 2 official documents and local / minority
which languages to languages in each country according to the European Convention
It recognized that offers information that is maintained and developed.
Reads the Council of Europe website for more information
may look. Relevant information is continuously updated.
Table 2: Regional / minority languages in 18 countries, the official recognition, protection and support
CAPITALS: ONLY COUNTRY IN THE OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS
italics: the official documents of the country and regional / European Charter for Minority Languages (YADAS) the provisions
Language of regional / minority languages in accordance with the European Convention for
recognition and / or protection means will be used in education
It does not. Table 3, according to national law in each country
or regional / minority languages in accordance with the European Convention for the official
It serves as the distribution of languages taught.
Table 3: taught as formal education institutions in 18 countries, regional / minority languages
CAPS are: TRAINING PROVIDED BY COUNTRY ONLY OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS
Italics: the official documents of the country and regional / European Charter for Minority Languages (YADAS) provided with training provision
Language training presented in Table 3. As seen in
There are serious differences. In general, the greatest number of regional / minority
language teaching in South-East European and Central European countries
It is maintained. France and other Western European countries except Italy
This situation is different. Regional / minority languages in Europe
Agreement on the 'regional' and 'minority' concepts are belrsizlik
migrant languages include, but are markedly these definitions
were excluded (Extra & Gorter, 2008: 31). Western Europe
country immigrant languages in regional / multi compared to minority languages
more diffuse and has a marked location, but much less
being recognized, it is protected and supported. Although
Turkish-speaking children in primary schools in Thrace
If you were given training at the Turkish Language Rich Europe participating in the project
Greece between countries no regional / minority official language
recognition and are not being taught. According to official documents
training is actually non-existent language taught in schools
and information on the situation in the period in which our research
Section 2.3 and 2.5 are available.
Both population groups in other countries in Europe
defined in the database and for the detection of
differences regarding the type available. These databases on language
They may include single or multiple questions. The situation in Europe
Regarding the Poulain (2008) the population held across the country
censuses, administrative records and a distinction between statistical surveys
He serves. Censuses (usually five or ten years), certain
When data is maintained in the range of countries and for the general
form bases. Administrative records generally center
It is being held at the local government level and on a regular basis every year
and even updated on a monthly basis (for example, registration in the Netherlands
updated monthly). Statistical surveys
regularly at certain intervals for certain population groups
It is repeated. All three types of data collection methods for different components
It may contain. Table 4 surveyed 24 countries in the region
and a general condition for the application process.
Table 4: Country or region across national, regional / compilation of data on minority and immigrant languages and application methods
Data for many countries and regions, as seen in Table 4 languages
with the collection of applications and many national languages, local /
Three different types of target languages, including minority and immigrant languages
receive. No data collection in 24 countries and regions in five
method is not applicable. These countries are Austria, many minority
Although the language with Bosnia and Herzegovina, Denmark, the Netherlands
and Greece. Portugal only collect data related to the national language.
Table 5 wide-ranging research and nationwide
general questions on language in their census conducted
It offers a breakdown. Among the survey questions related to language
It turns out that there are differences. Extra (2010) nationwide
language used in large-scale surveys conducted,
the validity of the question as the main language and home language spoken at home
questioned. Australia where English is the dominant language of the society,
Large countries such as the United States and Canada
comprehensive census as the data obtained from research
Extra utilizing "mother tongue" question the validity of the question lowest
While "the language used at home" to question the validity of the highest questions
that suggests (to define the relevant explanatory
You can see the glossary in the mother tongue and ecdadindan-language). Europe
countries seem to understand the situation because research
More than half of the participating countries the "language used at home" question
It is ask. Most of the questions asked about the use of language in Switzerland
It appears to be conspicuous. The main language used in particular
regarding asked "Which considering the language and know the best?"
the question is very interesting. As a final comment on this matter,
24 countries / regions only 11 questions about language skills
It is asked. The problem in the type of responses to this question
According to the format shows changes; sometimes "Yes / No"
sometimes skill-oriented "Could you do that?" and sometimes "How good
can you do? "There are questions about the degree of skill types.
Consequently, data bases existing in European countries and
used to create them and methods of administering the
Among the questions asked it seems to be considerable differences.
From a European perspective, and awareness about çokdillilikl
To increase awareness, language planning on actual data
and to be able to do comparative research across Europe
for the exchange of ideas and experience in this area to be shared
You are needed.
16 Tactics for Learning a Foreign Language
Do not use the conversation in a foreign language while learning Turkish syntax as possible. For example, a person who learned English as a foreign language, thinking and speaking English must use the syntax of the language patterns. You can not get good results when we tried to speak English to Turkish think.
Do not use the conversation in a foreign language while learning Turkish syntax as possible. For example, a person who learned English as a foreign language, thinking and speaking English must use the syntax of the language patterns. You can not get good results when we tried to speak English to Turkish think.
Capital magazine former editor retired journalist Faruk Turkoglu who want to learn a foreign language were found in the 16 suggestions.
A teen who wants to learn a foreign language, I would suggest to him to realize this goal include:
Decide for yourself to learn a foreign language. The learning process starts with forcing others not efficient. Mustafa Kemal was 14 in Thessaloniki, College des Freres de la Salle's French learning courses during the summer he decided. In 1885, his father had been dead for two years and her mother was not in a position to direct it.
Learning a foreign language is not an obligation also appears to be an adventure to be taken to their destinations. When you hear the passion inside you made a voyage of discovery into unknown territory, you better learn a foreign language. If you do not get excited every time you turn the course books, foreign language learning can become a torture.
When your brain is engaged simultaneously both right and left side of your job it is easier when you ply your mind and your heart. In this respect, I must say that women are more advantageous.
Learn snapping yourself to the magic of words. Behind every word and statement generation and try to capture the story of the ongoing round. Words and music and listen to the sound in sentences.
Learn foreign language learning, taking into account your own way. One example of teaching in the course, try not to assimilate and internalize according to your own style and flair. Learn amidst.
When learning to read in a foreign language, be persistent and patient. The page you open your first day to understand a paragraph that perhaps an hour late. Day passes will proceed once an hour will come on line by line to several pages.
Begin reading, you already interested in, and select an area that you have knowledge. If you know the deal, you can more easily decrypt text written in a foreign language.
Turkish speaking in a foreign language learning syntax, the use as possible. For example, a person who learned English as a foreign language, thinking and speaking English must use the syntax of the language patterns. You can not get good results when we tried to speak English to Turkish think.
Foreign language learning compulsory unless in very compressed schedule. Forgotten in a hurry to rush learned.
Read a lot to speak and write well in a foreign language. Reading, syntax, expression patterns in a way that even effective sentences are saved to your memory. This "input" will enable you to realize your narration from talking or writing and guests. If you enter your memory, language, sentences and phrases erstwhile beautiful, beautiful and meaningful words out of your pen is very difficult.
The same rule also applies in Turkish writing and speaking. Interested in poetry, Sait Faik, Refik Halit Yasar Kemal and Murathan a person who read the works of masters such as language Munger, well you can not write, immersive talk.
When you wander through the guidance of the master of the language in the foreign language countries you will be more successful.
Do not ever call to language learning. Two days a week instead of half an hour each day is better than four hours of work. If you do not trust yourself "every day 10 words" like sheep numerical rules. But even if you are sick, those rules must be strictly followed in the fitting excuse you go for a ride.
When learning a foreign language, you know better than the voice of the Turkish world. The difference of meaning in both languages will gain deep delicacy as long as you talk in your native language. The Turkish will deepen well we learn a foreign language. If you are not familiar with Turkish, or even three foreign languages a lot better learn you can not be successful in Turkey. You always get your native tongue basic reference source.
The one-dimensional learning a foreign language. For example, while the commercial German course, this language journals, books, and read a newspaper. Are these not enough money to buy a new one, locate the used of bookshops.
Learning a foreign language in the globalization era and are compelled to open to the world through this language. Foreign language knowledge will open the door to foreign culture, you better know the people of other nations will both be a better person and reach greater success in your business.
When you learn a foreign language, your language and your culture to alienation, contrary to cling more tightly to your roots will better understand their value.
When you decide to learn foreign languages and neglect the excuses you use to delay and excuse to lock in a closet and you'll throw away the key ...
16 basic principles to learn a foreign language!
Surely language learning is a difficult and endless road. And to develop their own but would plow. Note that there's going to live the best way to learn the language of the country as possible. Even if there is such a possibility you, you can be the foundation of a language, albeit mediocre by following these guidelines.
Do you want to go to a country that speaks the language you learn, and you know it's also the easiest and fastest way to learn the language. But take a step in a new country may seem strange at first. Namely, a new environment, it will take time to get used to the culture and language. You can also to be affected in a different time zone. But be relaxed and try to recognize your new environment.
1. Wrong structure (!): Make a mistake in the language you learn as much as you can ... In case you do not always talk to. Nor they can understand what people do wrong is not important, at least at first. Do not live in a foreign country is not a grammar test.
2. If you do not understand the problem: talking to others, you do not have to catch every word. To understand the main idea is usually sufficient. But if you think it's important that you understand the point PROBLEMS! Some useful words on this subject: Pardon me for English? Excuse me, what did you say? Could you speak more slowly please? Did you say that ... I didn''t catch that ... Could you repeat that, please? What was that? Im sorry I didn''t hear you. Sorry, what does "............." Mean? (But do not use the following: Are you speaking İngilizce? Please open your mouth when you speak! Give me a break!) To German if (Entschuldigung, wie bitte? Entschuldigung, was haben Sie gesagt ?, Würden Side bit langsamer sprechen? Or Bitte, langsam !, sprechen Sie Haben sie das ... gesagt, können Sie das wiederholen in the end? Was war das? Entschuldigung, was das bedeutet can use? such statements.
3. Insert your area of interest in the language you learned: People love to talk about something interesting from them. What are your interests? Try to learn as much as you can about the words on this subject. How they deal with problems in the people around you. This method is a charming and always helps you learn new words. Thus you will see that you begin to understand others better. Interests is like a garden in the pouring rain and fertile. Talk about your language skills, faster, more powerful and will help you learn better. Some useful words: What are you interested in English? My favorite hobby is ... I really like ... ..ing ... For many years I have .... What I like about ... ..is ... What are your hobbies? German ...
4- Talk and Listen: there's always something to talk about. To look around. If you weird or something different from the branch talking immediately. This will also help you to improve your company. Listen to the people, but listen to the words to capture the pronunciation and the rhythm of language. Use what you must know. Many words in the language are derived from each other. In this case, the word means, try to remove the sense of the issue. Talking with local citizens in the country, try to keep talking. Do not panic when you realize that your assistant tell against. Try to understand the main idea and continue the conversation. If you find it difficult to understand the want to repeat the sentence. If you continue to talk, in the process of speech issues will become clearer. It is a good way to improve your language and learn new words for this, but beware: behold, they say, "do not believe everything you hear, believe half of what he says in his own" ...
5- problem, question: not a better way to resolve our curiosity already. Questions will also help you keep talking like that will help you start the conversation.
6. Be sure to use: Use the word that usually is tracking how people talk. Sometimes it can become very fun to use. People talk formats, to different pronunciations of the words you say we might look odd. Use the simplest form of language that refers to how often and naturally used.
7. Carry a notepad: Always carry a notepad and pen with you. Please note if you just read or hear a new word. Then try to use these words in your speech. Learn new idioms. A statement that most of the foreign language is to learn the language in the statement of one of the most fun aspects of the study. Write your statement in this book. If you apply what you learn in your conversations more quickly and remember you said.
8. Read something: the three best way to learn another language: reading, and read and read. By reading new words as we learn what we know we will also be readily applied. Then use these words, we hear more will be easier to understand. Newspapers, magazines, signs, advertisements, stripes on the bus and read more what you find.
9. Do not forget everyone can learn a second foreign language, be realistic and patient, learning the language that time and requires patience to keep in mind.
10. Learning a new language is also to learn a new culture: Be comfortable against cultural rules. When learning a new language, it is also sensitive to the culture and habits of the rules that may come your floor. You need to talk to find out. Feel free to ask questions in class or outside class.
11. Accept responsibility: You are responsible for yourself in your own language learning process. When learning a foreign language teacher, it is important of course, but the course and the book "The best teacher of yourself again" Please note that rules. It must identify the purpose for a good learning process and you must do the work for you to reach your goal.
12. Organize your way of learning: learning is organized in a way that will help you remember what you're working. Use a good dictionary and course materials.
13. Try to friends in class learning: to have you on the same level as other students in the same grade does not mean you can not learn something from them.
Try to learn the error of your 14: Do not be afraid of making mistakes, everyone makes mistakes. If you make a mistake your advantage to learn a foreign language if you ask yourself the question. Have you used the sentence as a different way of saying ...
15. Try to think in the language you learned: for example when driving in a bus where you're going, where you are, describe yourself in that language. So you have done your language practice inside without saying anything.
16. Finally, have fun while learning the language: the sentence structure with different sentences and phrases you are learning. Then try that sentence makes a speech during the day, let's see if you can use in place? It is said that life is nothing more than the experience, or is it completely learn foreign languages ...
Do you want to go to a country that speaks the language you learn, and you know it's also the easiest and fastest way to learn the language. But take a step in a new country may seem strange at first. Namely, a new environment, it will take time to get used to the culture and language. You can also to be affected in a different time zone. But be relaxed and try to recognize your new environment.
1. Wrong structure (!): Make a mistake in the language you learn as much as you can ... In case you do not always talk to. Nor they can understand what people do wrong is not important, at least at first. Do not live in a foreign country is not a grammar test.
2. If you do not understand the problem: talking to others, you do not have to catch every word. To understand the main idea is usually sufficient. But if you think it's important that you understand the point PROBLEMS! Some useful words on this subject: Pardon me for English? Excuse me, what did you say? Could you speak more slowly please? Did you say that ... I didn''t catch that ... Could you repeat that, please? What was that? Im sorry I didn''t hear you. Sorry, what does "............." Mean? (But do not use the following: Are you speaking İngilizce? Please open your mouth when you speak! Give me a break!) To German if (Entschuldigung, wie bitte? Entschuldigung, was haben Sie gesagt ?, Würden Side bit langsamer sprechen? Or Bitte, langsam !, sprechen Sie Haben sie das ... gesagt, können Sie das wiederholen in the end? Was war das? Entschuldigung, was das bedeutet can use? such statements.
3. Insert your area of interest in the language you learned: People love to talk about something interesting from them. What are your interests? Try to learn as much as you can about the words on this subject. How they deal with problems in the people around you. This method is a charming and always helps you learn new words. Thus you will see that you begin to understand others better. Interests is like a garden in the pouring rain and fertile. Talk about your language skills, faster, more powerful and will help you learn better. Some useful words: What are you interested in English? My favorite hobby is ... I really like ... ..ing ... For many years I have .... What I like about ... ..is ... What are your hobbies? German ...
4- Talk and Listen: there's always something to talk about. To look around. If you weird or something different from the branch talking immediately. This will also help you to improve your company. Listen to the people, but listen to the words to capture the pronunciation and the rhythm of language. Use what you must know. Many words in the language are derived from each other. In this case, the word means, try to remove the sense of the issue. Talking with local citizens in the country, try to keep talking. Do not panic when you realize that your assistant tell against. Try to understand the main idea and continue the conversation. If you find it difficult to understand the want to repeat the sentence. If you continue to talk, in the process of speech issues will become clearer. It is a good way to improve your language and learn new words for this, but beware: behold, they say, "do not believe everything you hear, believe half of what he says in his own" ...
5- problem, question: not a better way to resolve our curiosity already. Questions will also help you keep talking like that will help you start the conversation.
6. Be sure to use: Use the word that usually is tracking how people talk. Sometimes it can become very fun to use. People talk formats, to different pronunciations of the words you say we might look odd. Use the simplest form of language that refers to how often and naturally used.
7. Carry a notepad: Always carry a notepad and pen with you. Please note if you just read or hear a new word. Then try to use these words in your speech. Learn new idioms. A statement that most of the foreign language is to learn the language in the statement of one of the most fun aspects of the study. Write your statement in this book. If you apply what you learn in your conversations more quickly and remember you said.
8. Read something: the three best way to learn another language: reading, and read and read. By reading new words as we learn what we know we will also be readily applied. Then use these words, we hear more will be easier to understand. Newspapers, magazines, signs, advertisements, stripes on the bus and read more what you find.
9. Do not forget everyone can learn a second foreign language, be realistic and patient, learning the language that time and requires patience to keep in mind.
10. Learning a new language is also to learn a new culture: Be comfortable against cultural rules. When learning a new language, it is also sensitive to the culture and habits of the rules that may come your floor. You need to talk to find out. Feel free to ask questions in class or outside class.
11. Accept responsibility: You are responsible for yourself in your own language learning process. When learning a foreign language teacher, it is important of course, but the course and the book "The best teacher of yourself again" Please note that rules. It must identify the purpose for a good learning process and you must do the work for you to reach your goal.
12. Organize your way of learning: learning is organized in a way that will help you remember what you're working. Use a good dictionary and course materials.
13. Try to friends in class learning: to have you on the same level as other students in the same grade does not mean you can not learn something from them.
Try to learn the error of your 14: Do not be afraid of making mistakes, everyone makes mistakes. If you make a mistake your advantage to learn a foreign language if you ask yourself the question. Have you used the sentence as a different way of saying ...
15. Try to think in the language you learned: for example when driving in a bus where you're going, where you are, describe yourself in that language. So you have done your language practice inside without saying anything.
16. Finally, have fun while learning the language: the sentence structure with different sentences and phrases you are learning. Then try that sentence makes a speech during the day, let's see if you can use in place? It is said that life is nothing more than the experience, or is it completely learn foreign languages ...
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)
